Sensors components and their importance and types 2022

 

Once upon a time it was a computer that performed the calculations, but now the term almost universally refers to machines some automated electronics. The first part of this article focuses on the modern digital electronic computer, its design, components, and applications. We will also look at the history of computing. For important details about computer engineering and theoretical programs as well, this will be in the next article

Computer basics and history 

computing basics 

• Computers were used for the first time primarily for numerical computations. Since any information could be encrypted digitally, people knew that computers could process information that was private, general purpose. Its high ability to deal well with very large amounts of data has led to the expansion and accuracy of weather forecasting. Their speed allowed them to make important decisions about routing telephone communications over a network and to control mechanical systems such as cars, nuclear reactors, and more. It's also cheap enough to be included in everyday devices. Computers have largely allowed us to ask questions that we could not follow up or answer before. 

• Computers also have limitations, some of which are theoretical. There may be propositions that are not quantifiable and we cannot determine their truth within a certain set of rules, such as the logical structure of a computer. Since there is no algorithmic way to determine these propositions, a computer that is asked to get the truth of such a proposition will proceed (unless interrupted by force) Indefinitely - this condition is known as the pause problem . 

• Other limitations reflect current technology. Human brains are excellent at recognizing spatial patterns and easily distinguishing between human faces, but this is a difficult task for computers, which must process information sequentially, rather than generally absorbing details at a glance. Another form of computers involves natural language interactions. Because more and more general knowledge and information is assumed in normal human communication, it is still the duty of researchers to solve the problem of providing information that has direct or indirect relevance to general-purpose natural language programs..

Analog computers 

• Analog computers use continuous physical quantities to represent quantum information. At first they represented quantities with mechanical components (See differential and integral analyzer) ، But after World War II voltages were used; By the 1960s, digital computers had largely replaced them. Nevertheless, analog computers and some hybrid analog-digital systems continued to be used throughout the 1960s for important tasks such as aircraft simulation, space flight, and more. .

• It's easy to design and build a computer to solve a single problem. Another advantage is that analog computers can frequently represent a problem and do its solution in real time; That is, the calculation proceeds at a constant rate for the system by which it is designed. The main disadvantages of analog computers are that they are very limited in their accuracy and often decimal places but fewer in complex mechanisms and that these general-purpose devices are expensive and cannot be programmed easily.

digital computers 

• Digital computers in general are the opposite of the analog computers mentioned earlier, as they represent information in a completely discrete, generic form in the form of sequences of 0 and 1 (ie, binary numbers, or bits). The modern era of digital computers began in the late thirties and early forties in the United States, Germany and Britain. The first devices used switches powered by electromagnets. Their programs are stored on tape or paper cards, and they have very limited internal storage space for data. of historical developments .

mainframe 

• During the 1950s and 1960s, a large corporation called Unisys (a manufacturer of UNIVAC computers), the International Business Machines Corporation (IBM), and others made very large, expensive and increasingly powerful computers. It has been used by large corporations and government research laboratories, and often serves as the only computer in an organization. In 1959, he rented an IBM 1401 computer for $8000 a month (because computers were expensive, it was cheaper to rent them than to buy them), and in 1964 the largest IBM S/360 computer cost millions of dollars.

• These computers were called mainframes, although the term did not become popular until smaller computers were built. Mainframes have very large storage capabilities, extremely fast components, and powerful computing capabilities.  

• It was very reliable because it started relying heavily on the programming language and some simple code " For more information about the programming language, read also What you do not know about programming languages. "،Because they often served the vital needs of the organization, they were sometimes designed with redundant components that allow them to survive partial failures. Since they were complex systems, they were operated by a crew of systems programmers, who alone had access to a computer. Other users have sent "collective important functions" to be run one by one on the main computer.

• These systems are so important that, although they are no longer the primary or primary source of enterprise computing, mainframes now provide high-capacity data storage to Internet servers, or, through time-sharing technologies, allow hundreds or thousands of users to run programs simultaneously. 

supercomputer 

The most powerful computers are often called supercomputers. They have historically been expensive and their use has been limited to high-priority calculations for government-sponsored research, such as nuclear simulations and weather modelling. Today, many of the computational techniques of early supercomputers are commonly used in computers. On the other hand, the design of expensive, special-purpose processors for supercomputers has been replaced by large matrices of commodity processors (from several tens to more than 8000) running in parallel over a high-speed communications network..